Adv$phpv$ il¡f - NyS>fps_y„ ùv$e: L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ ApS>\u A¡L$ lÅf hj® `|h® Apiphg_u Apkphg _pd_y„ kd©Â^ _Nf A[õsÐhdp„ lsy. Apip _pd_p cugp¡_p fpÅ_p _pd D`f\u _pd `X$éy„ Apiphg. Ap _Nf `pV$Z A_¡ M„cps\u DÑf NyS>fps_y„ A¡L$ kpfy„ _Nf lsy„. Apiphpgdp„ S>¥_ A_¡ b°pûZp¡_p„ d„qv$fp¡ lsp. L$pm¾$d¡ h¡`pf_u Örô$A¡ d_ gíL$fu ìe|lÐdL$sp_u Örô$A¡ Ap _Nf ANÐe_y„ õ\p_ bÞey„.

Adv$phpv$_u lp¡[õ`V$g: Adv$phpv$ s¡_u sbubu k¡hpAp¡ dpV¡$ `Z ApS>¡ rhð L$npA¡ _pd_p d¡mhu füy„ Al] Nfub dÂedhN®_u k¡hp L$fsu kfL$pfu s¡dS> rhrh^ V²$õV$ k„Qprgs lp¡[õ`V$gp¡_u kp\¡ kp\¡ rb_r_hpku cpfsuep¡ rhv¡$ip¡Ap¡_u Mpk sbubu kpfhpf L$fsu AÐe„s Ap^yr_L$ lp¡[õ`V$gp¡ `Z ApL$pf `pdu flu R>¡. Adv$phpv$_u rkrhg lp¡[õ`V$g Ap âL$pf_u A¡riep_u kp¥\u dp¡V$u lp¡[õ`V$g R>¡. S>¡_p„ `qfkfdp„ L$pe®fs A¡d.`u.ipl L¡$Þkf qfkQ® B[ÞõV$V$e|V$, L$uX$_u lp¡[õ`V$g, L$pqX®$epL$ B[ÞõV$õeyV$ S>¡hu k„õ\pAp¡A¡ rhðcfdp„ _pd_p d¡mhu R>¡.

cÖ_p¡ qL$‰p¡ : Adv$phpv$_p r_dp®Z_p¡ Apf„c S>¡ fpS>NY$_p bp„^L$pd\u \ep¡ s¡ "cÖ_p qL$‰p' sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. "rdfps¡ Aldv$u'dp„ s¡_¡ "AfL$_p¡ qL$‰p¡' `Z L$üp¡ R>¡. cÖ_p qL$‰p_p¡ `pep¡ B.k. 1411dp„ _Mpep¡ lsp¡. s¡dp„ 14 byfS>, iplu V$L$p¡fMp_y„ 8 v$fhpÅ A_¡ 2 bpfuAp¡ lsu A_¡ s¡_u qv$hpgp¡ `f 18 dp¡V$u sp¡`p¡ fpMhpdp„ Aphu lsu. qL$‰p_y„ dy¿e âhi¡Üpf A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cÖ_p qL$‰p_p¡ v$fhpÅ¡ k`kìe âL$pf_p¡ R>¡.

ÓZ v$fhpÅ : cÖ_p qL$‰p_u kpd¡ Aph¡gp d¡v$p__p„ kpd¡_p„ ipl_p R>¡X¡$ il¡f_u Sy>çdp d[õS>v$dp„ S>hp dpV¡$_p fpS>dpN® `f ÓZ v$fhpÅ kygsp_ Al¡dv¡$ b„^pìep R>¡. Ap v$fhpÅ_¡ ÓZ L$dp_p¡ R>¡. ÓZ v$fhpÅ ApS>¡ `Z Adv$phpv$_u ip_ R>¡. A¡_u L$dp_p¡ OpV$ugu A_¡ L$gpÐdL$ R>¡. hQgp v$fhpÅ_u b„_¡ bpSy> rd_pfp_u bp„^Zu S>¡hp ky„v$f Np¡Mhpmp byfÅ¡ R>¡.

Sy>çdp d[õS>v$ : Al¡dv$ipl_p kde_p„ bp„^L$pdp¡dp„ S>¥_p¡ AN°¾$d Aphu iL¡$ s¡hu, NyS>fps A_¡ rlÞvy$õsp__p„ dy[õgd õ\p`Ðep¡dp„ â\d `„[¼sdp„ Aphu iL¡$ s¡hu Adv$phpv$_u Sy>çdp d[õS>v$ L$fsp„ bõkp¡ hj® `R>u b„^pe¡gu R>¡. A¡V$g¡ A¡ b„_¡_u syg_pdp„ Adv$phpv$_u Sy>çdp d[õS>v$_y„ õ\p`Ðe A¡ S>dp_p L$fsp h^y L$gpÐdL$ R>¡. Adv$phpv$_u Ap d[õS>v$ A„v$f A_¡ blpf_p„ v¡$Mphdp„ rlÞvy$-dy[õgd õ\p`Ðe_p ky„v$f kdhÞhe kdu R>¡. A„v$f_p cpNdp„ d„qv$fp¡_p d„X$`p¡_u fQ_p_u õ`ô$ TgL$ v¡$Mpe R>¡, Äepf¡ L$dp_p¡ A_¡ rd_pfpAp¡ Bõgpd õ\p`Ðe_p _dy_p R>¡.

kuv$u k¥ev$_u d[õS>v$ (Åmu) : gpg `Õ\f `f_y„ bpfuL$ A_¡ î¡›$ Åmu L$pd ^fphsu A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ kdN° cpfs_p L$gpÐdL$ _dy_pAp¡dp„ AN°õ\p_ `pd¡g Ap d[õS>v$ Adv$phpv$_p gpg v$fhpÅ rhõspfdp„ Aph¡gu R>¡. fpZu kuâu_u d[õS>v$ S>¡hu _p_L$X$u R>sp `p¡sp_u L$gpÐdL$ L$p¡sfZu_u Örô$A¡ h^y â¿eps Ap d[õS>v$ s¡_u qv$hpg `f_u `Õ\f_u A„v$f_u bpfuL$ L$p¡sfZuhpmu ÅmuAp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Nrh¿eps R>¡.

kfM¡S>_p¡ fp¡Å¡ A_¡ kfp¡hf : kfM¡S> Npd_¡ AX$u_¡ Aph¡g Adv$phpv$_y„ A¥rslprkL$ õdpfL$ A¡V$g¡ kfM¡S>_p¡ fp¡Å¡. Ap`Zu rhfpksdp„ S>„S>®qfs Ahi¡jp¡dp„\u L$pep`gV$ L$fphu_¡ s¡_¡ AÛs_ A¡hy„ _hgy„ê$` Aphu gp¡L$cp¡Áe b_phhp_p¡ ei v$u^®Öô$p _¡s©Ðh_¡ Åe R>¡. Ap¥X$p_p„ dpÂed\u A_¡ kfM¡S> fp¡Å L$rdV$u_p„ klep¡N\u Aphp cNuf\ L$pe®_¡ dyrs®d„s L$fu_¡ ApS>¡ kfM¡S>_p¡ fp¡Å¡ kpdpÞe il¡fS>_ dpV¡$ r_:fk A¥rslprkL$ õdpfL$ _ b_u fl¡sp„ ApL$j®L$ bp„^Zu kp\¡_y„ smph rhrh^ h©np¡kcf ky„v$f DÛp_, hp¡L$]N V²¡$L$, guguR>dgp¡_, bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$_y„ ¾$uX$p„N, Apif¡ 1500 ìeqL$sAp¡_¡ kdphu iL¡$ s¡hy„ ""A¡çau r\e¡V$f'' S>¡hu kyrh^pAp¡\u kS>S> ^d^dsy„ âhpku õ\m b_phhp_u _¡d kp\¡ kfM¡S>-Np„^u_Nf lpBh¡ ku^p Å¡X$pZ dpV¡$_p¡ `pL$p¡ fõsp¡ `Z s¥epf L$f¡g R>¡.

L$p„L$fuep smph : Ap smph NyS>fps_p kygsp_ L©$ÐbyrØ_ B.k. 1451dp„ b„^pìey„ lsy„. s¡_y„ dym _pd lp¥S>¡ Ly$syb lsy. `Z `pR>m\u s¡_y„ _pd L$p„L$fuep âQrgs \ey„. L$p„L$fuep smph_¡ 190 azV$ gp„bu 34 A¡L$kfMu bpSy> R>¡. s¡_p¡ ìepk 683 hpf_p¡ R>¡. s¡_p¡ O¡fphp¡ 2153 hpf A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A„v$pS>¡ khp b¡ qL$.du._p¡ R>¡. s¡_y„ n¡Óam 76 A¡L$f R>¡. qL$_pfp `f bpf \p„cgpAp¡_p d„X$`p¡_u b¡W$L$p¡ b_ph¡gu R>¡. Nf_pmp A_¡ NfZu _L$iuv$pf R>¡.

v$pv$p lqf_u hph : NyS>fps s¡_u õ\p`ÐeL$mp dpV¡$ MybS> ÅZusy„ R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„e hphp¡ dpV¡$ sp¡ Mpk. Ap hphp¡_u fQ_p k|e®_u âQ„X$ Nfdu\u W„$X$L$ d¡mhhp_p Apie\u L$fhpdp„ Aphsu lsu. NyS>fps S>¡hu A_¡ S>¡V$gu ky„v$f hphp¡ cpfs_p L$p¡B S> âv¡$idp„ _\u. Akpfhp rhõspfdp„ Aph¡gu v$pv$p lqf_u Aphu S> ky„v$f hph R>¡.
Ap hph kygsp_ dl¡dyv$ bNX$p_p A„s:`yf_u ApNm `X$su lqff _pd_u ÷uA¡ b„^phu lsu. ApB bpB lqff kygsp_ dl¡dyv$ b¡NX$p_u `p¡sp_u A\hp A¡_p L$p¡B dp¡V$p iplÅv$p_u ^ph dpsp li¡ A¡d A¡_u ApNm_p "v$pv$p' iåv$ `f\u gpN¡ R>¡. Ap bpB lqff¡ lqff`yf hkpìep_y„ g¡Mdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ S>¡ Adv$phpv$ _Nf_p Bip_ MyZpdp„ Aph¡gy„ lsy„.

kÐepN°l Apîd : Ap^yr_L$ eyN_p dlÐh_p âhpk õ\m sfuL¡$ ÅZusp b_¡gp Ap Apîddp„\u Np„^uÆA¡ õhps„Ôe k„N°pd_u kam gX$s v$p„X$uLy$Q_p¡ Apf„c L$ep£ lsp¡. 1930 ky^u Np„^uÆ_u õhps„Ôe k„N°pd_u âh©rÑ_y„ L¡$ÞÖ kpbfdsu Apîd füy„ lsy„. 1930dp„ v$p„X$uLy$Q kde¡ Np„^uÆA¡ ârsop gu^u.

NyS>fps eyr_h®rkV$u : NyS>fps_u kp¥â\d eyr_hrk®V$u_u õ\p`_p k_¡ 1950dp„ cpfs_p„ D`â^p_d„Óu A_¡ NyS>fps_p„ `_p¡sp `yÓ gp¡l`yfyj kfv$pf h‰ccpB `V¡$g_p„ hfØ lõs¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡ S>¡_u kp\¡ A_¡L$ L$p¡g¡Å¡-rinZ k„õ\pAp¡ k„Ng‚ R>¡. s¡_p„ rhipm `qfkfdp„ cpjp, ch_, rhop_, kdpS>rhÛp, c|Np¡m, Brslpk, L$pev$p rhÛp ipMp_p„ A_yõ_psL$ rh^pch_p¡ Aph¡gp R>¡. NyS>fpscf_p rhÛp\}Ap¡ dpV¡$ hp„Q_pge, lp¡õV¡$g kyrh^p s¡dS> Sy>v$u Sy>v$u fds_p„ d¡v$p_p¡ s¡dS> k„Ly$gp¡ kp\¡_u kyrh^p ^fphsu rhipm S>Áepdp„ eyr_hrk®V$u_y„ L$pdL$pS> Qpg¡ R>¡. NyS>fps A_¡L$ sS>op¡, kpnfp¡ NyS>fps eyr_hrk®V$u_p rh^p\} lp¡hp_y„ Np¥fh A_ych¡ R>¡. A_¡ NyS>fps `Z s¡Ap¡_p„ dpV¡$ Np¥fh A_ych¡ R>¡.

_¡i_g C[ÞõV$V$eyV$ Ap¡a qX$TpC_ : cpfs kfL$pf_p hprZS>e A_¡ D^p¡N d„Ópge A„sN®s A¡L$ õhpes k„õ\p sfuL¡$ 1961\u L$pe®fs _¡i_g C[ÞõV$V$eyV$ Ap¡a qX$TpC_-A¡_.ApC.X$u. k„õ\pA¡ qX$TpB_, A¡àgpCX$ qfkQ®, V²¡$C_]N, qX$TpC_ L$ÞkëV$Þk_u krh®k i¥nrZL$ n¡Ó¡ _p¢^`pÓ âv$p_ L$fu Ap„sffpô²$ue L$npA¡ Np¥fhh„sy õ\p_ d¡mìey„ R>¡.

ApB.ApC.A¡d. : ApC.ApC.A¡d._u õ\p`_p k_¡ 1961dp„ dlp_ h¥opr_L$ X$p¡.rh¾$d kpfpcpC_p„ âepk\u L$fhpdp„ Aphu S>¡dp„ dpsbf _pZp„L$ue ep¡Nv$p_ L$õsyfcpC gpgcpC_y„ füy„ lsy„. A¡ÞÆ_uef]N A_¡ d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$ âp¡N°pd_p„ Aæepk¾$d_¡ Å¡X$u_¡ fpô²$ue rhL$pkdp„ cpNuv$pf b__pfp crhóedp„ d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$ r_óZpsp¡ s¥epf L$fhp_y„ õhà_ S>hplfgpg _¡lfy_y„ lsy„. S>¡_¡ kpL$pf L$fhp_y„ L$pd X$p¡.kpfpcpC A_¡ Dv$pf D^p¡N`rs A_¡ kMphsu L$õsyfcpC gpgcpCA¡ L$ey¯. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$ A_¡ D^p¡N_¡ Å¡X$hp_y„ L$pd_p„ îu NZ¡i \ep!
ApS>¡ aL$s L¡$ç`k CÞV$fìeydp„ gpMp¡ ê$r`ep L¡$ L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_p¡ `Npf_u fpô²$ue s¡dS> Ap„sffpô$ue Ap¡af âpá L$fsp„ d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$ r_óZp„sp¡ Ql¡fp `pR>m L¡$V$L¡$V$gp Apep¡S>_p¡ A_¡ Afdp_p¡A¡ cpN cS>ìep¡ R>¡.

Bkfp¡ : 1970_p„ v$peL$pdp„ AhL$pi k„ip¡^__p„ n¡Ó¡ NyS>fps fpÄedp„ õ\`pe¡g kudprQŒê$` âep¡Nipmp-k„õ\pdp„ k¡V¡$gpBV$ A¡àguL¡$i_ A„N¡_u dpmMpNs kyrh^pAp¡ s¡dS> AÛs_ A_¡ Myb S> k„h¡v$_iug A¡hp„ AÐep^yr_L$ D`L$fZp¡\u kÄS> k„õ\p R>¡. S>¡ cpfshj®_p„ AhL$pf k„ip¡^_ n¡Ó_u i©„Mgpê$` k„õ\pAp¡ `¥L$u_u `pep_u k„õ\p R>¡. cpfs hj®_p AhL$pi k„ip¡^_ n¡Ódp„ NyS>fps Np¥fh gB iL¡$ s¡hu Of Ap„NZp_u rhriô$ k„õ\p R>¡.

kpg lp¡[õ`V$g : Adv$phpv$_p h÷p`yf-\gs¡S>_p„ rhõspf_p AÛs_ sbubu kp^_p¡\u kÄS>, r_óZp„s sbubp¡_u V$ud ^fphsu AÐep^yr_L$ lp¡[õ`V$g 24 L$gpL$ sbubu k¡hp `yfu `pX$hp kÄS> R>¡. S>¡dp„ D`gå^ k„`|Z® bp¡X$u Q¡L$A` s¡dS> Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ âL$pf_p V¡$õV$ L$fphhp dpV¡$ Ap^pfcys A_¡ R>¡‰pdp„ R>¡‰u Y$b_p kp^_p¡ D`gå^ R>¡.

_m kfp¡hf : Adv$phpv$\u Apif¡ `p„kW$ qL$gp¡duV$f_u A„sf¡ Aph¡gy„ v¡$i_y„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ S>m`nu AcepfÎe A_¡ R>uR>fp `pZu_p„ kp¥\u dp¡V$p kfp¡hf `¥L$u_y„ A¡L$ A¡hy„ _m kfp¡hf â¿eps `nusu\® R>¡. riepmp_u iê$Aps_u kp\¡ S> rhv¡$iu `nuAp¡_y„ ApNd_ Ap¡L$V$p¡bf dpk\u iê$ \pe R>¡.

hp¥W$p_p¡ d¡mp¡ : Adv$phpv$ rS>‰p_p ^p¡mL$p\u dpÓ ApW$ L$u.du._p A„sf¡ Aph¡gp hp¥W$p `pk¡ L$pfsL$ kyv$-15_p fp¡S> cfpsp¡ hp¥W$p_p¡ d¡mp¡ kps _v$uAp¡_p„ k„NW$_ õ\m¡ cfpe R>¡.

f\epÓp : R>¡‰p 110 hj®\u `Z h^y kde\u AjpY$u buS>_p qv$hk¡ _uL$msu ^prd®L$-kp„õL©$rsL$ `f„`fp bpv$ Adv$phpv$_u f\epÓpA¡ v¡$i-rhv¡$idp„ _pd_p d¡mhu R>¡.

`s„Np¡ dlp¡Ðkh : DÐkh râe Adv$phpv$_u âÅ_¡ A¡L$ A_Þe DÐkh A¡V$g¡ DsfpeZ kdõs il¡fuS>_p¡ `s„N QNphhpdp„ Myb Ap_„v$ A_¡ DÐkpl\u hl¡gu khpf\u S> `p¡sp_p Of_u ANpku, ^pbp `f QX$u_¡ f„Nb¡f„Nu `s„Np¡ QNph¡ R>¡.

ApBd¡L$k \°uX$u \ue¡V$f : kpeÞk kuV$u_y„ A¡L$ rhriô$ ApL$j®Z L¡$ÞÖ A¡V$g¡ \°uX$u r\e¡V$f. Al] ApW$ dpm JQp rhipm õ¾$u_ D`f â¡nL$ Äepf¡ \°uX$u Ba¡L$V$ kp\¡_y„ d_p¡f„S>_ rQÓ dpZ¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ rhipm õ¾$u_ D`f_p rQÓdp„ âÐen `lp¢Qu Nep¡ lp¡e s¡hp¡ \°ug]N A_ych L$f¡g R>¡.

kpeÞk kuV$u : rhop__u ip¡^epÓp Arhfs ApNm h^u flu R>¡. Ah_hu ip¡^_p `qfZpd¡ dp_hu_y„ Æh_ ApS>¡ h^y_¡ h^y kyNd b_u füy„ R>¡. Apd R>sp„ rhop__y„ op_ Apd dp_hu_u kdS> blpf `Z lp¡e R>¡. rhop__u L¡$V$guL$ bpbsp¡ kpdpÞe dp_hu_¡ QdÐL$pf õhê$`¡ gpN¡ R>¡.

Np¡eg hp¡V$f `pL®$ : Adv$phpv$ il¡f\u kpZ„v$ S>hp_p fõs¡ Apif¡ 11 L$u.du. A„sf¡ rhrh^ d_p¡f„S>_ fpBX¹$k ^fphsp¡ Ap^yr_L$ kyrh^p `yZ® hp¡V$f`pL®$ R>¡. Adv$phpv$ il¡f\u Myb _ÆL$ lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ gp¡L$p¡_p¡ MybS> Okpfp¡ fl¡ R>¡. MpZu-`uZu s¡dS> fl¡hp_u kNhX$sp kp\¡_p¡ hp¡V$f`pL®$ âhpkuAp¡_y„ ApL$j®Z L¡$ÞÖ R>¡.