fZ v$fuep¡ s\p Xy„$Nf A¡d qÓh¡Zu `°pL©$rsL rhõspf ^fphsp fpÄe_p kflv$u A_¡ fZ_u L$p„^u D`pf Aph¡gp R>¡hpX¡$_p L$ÃR> rS>‰pA¡ A_¡L$n¡Ó fpÄe_p A_¡L$ rS>‰pAp¡_u fMpdZudp„ TX$`u rhL$pkLy$Q Åfu fpMu R>¡. NyS>fps fpÄe_p 23 V$L$p\u h^y rhõspf ^fphsp¡ L$ÃR> rS>‰p¡ 10 spgyL$p¡Ap¡_p¡ b_¡gp¡ R>¡. rS>‰pAp¡dp„ 949 Npdp¡dp„\u 849 Npd hkhpV$u R>¡. 10 il¡fp¡ A_¡ 6 _Nf`prgL$pAp¡ R>¡. NyS>fps_p A_¡L$ rS>‰pAp¡_u cpjp, fl¡ZuL$l¡Zu, rhriô gp¡L$ k„õL©$rs\u Sy>v$u S> fus¡ AgN sfu Aphsp L$ÃR>_p `°Ðe¡L$ spgyL$p_¡ ApNhu Ap¡mM R>¡. `°pQu_L$pm\u Crslpk kp\¡ _psp¡ ^fphhp_p¡ `pyfphp¡, rig¡Mp¡, `yfpsÐhue Ahi¡jp¡, `ppmuep, hkplsp¡, rië` õ\p`Ðe\u M„X$us d„qv$fp, dlpgep¡ `|fp `pX¡$ R>¡. Dlpcpfs, îu dv¹$ cpNhs, hpey`yfpZ, `pZu_y„ AóV$Âepeu, S>¥_ dlpN°„\ cNhsukyÓ hN¡f¡dp„ L$ÃR>_p¡ D‰¡M R>¡. buÆ rhriô hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$ÃR>_p _pd¡ L$p¡B Npd _\u. `p„sy cyõsfip÷uAp¡_p ds `°dpZ¡ lÅfp¡ hj® `|h£ L$ÃR>_u ^fsu kdyÖ smdp„ lsu. `Z `©Õhu_u cusf \su D\g`p\g\u ^fusp¡ Ap M„X$ blpf D`pku Apìep¡. k„õL©$s iåv$dp„ L$ÃR iåv$_p¡ A\® L$pQbp¡ \pe R>¡. ANpD Äepf¡ L$ÃR>_p fZdp„ MpX$u lsu Ðepf¡ L$ÃR> b¡V$ lsp¡ s¡\u s¡_p¡ AphL$pf L„$BL$ L$pQbp_¡ dmsp¡ Aphhp\u Ap _pd `pX$éy„ S>Zpe R>¡. 45 lÅf 692 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$fdp„ `\fpe¡gp¡ L$ÃR> rS>‰p¡ cpfs_u Ap\dZu kudpA¡ R>¡. A¡L$ bpS„y> kdyÖ A_¡ buÆ Ap rS>‰p_¡ fZ thÂep¡ R>¡. AæepkyAp¡ k„ip¡^L$p, `°hpk `°¡duAp¡ dpV¡$ Æhsp¡ ÅNsp¡ k„vc®N°\ L$ÃR> rS>‰p¡ b_u füp¡ R>¡. L$ÃR>_p `ppV$_Nf cyS> il¡f k„. 1605 dp„ õ\`ppey„ R>¡. cyS> spgyL$pdp„ `ÃR>d, bÓu, `phf, duepZu, dpL$ A_¡ L„$W$u `pfNZ_p Npdp¡_p¡ kdph¡I \pe R>¡. cyS>dp„ L$Zbu, Apef, duepZu, Mp¡Å, S>s, fbpfu, QpfZ, hpZuep, _pNf, b°pûZ, kdp hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ oprs_p gp¡L$p¡ Aph¡gp R>¡. fpÅiplu L$pm_p¡ c|S> spgyL$p¡ Xy„$NfpAp¡_p¡ spgyL$p¡ lp¡e s¡hy„ cpj¡ R>¡. rS>‰pdp„ `°hpkuAp¡_¡ Å¡hp ÅZhp_u dÅ `X¡$ A¡hp Xy„$Nfp¡, L$pmp¡Xy„$Nf, Np¡fp¡Xy„$Nf, cyrS>ep¡Xy„$Nf, dy¿e R>¡. Äepf¡ cyrS>ep¡, AZNp¡fNY$ ( L$p¡V$pe ), bp¡gpX$uNY$, L$ëepZ`f A_¡ Apgd`Ópl Xy„$Nfu, gM`ps_p¡ qL$‰p¡ rhN¡f¡ dy¿e qL$‰pAp¡ R>¡.

Op¡X$phufp_u lX$à`_ k„õL©$rs : v¡$i_p `qòd R>¡X¡$ L$ÃR> A_¡ L$ÃR>_u `|h®_p„ fp`f\u ApNm dp¡Vy„$ fZ h]^sp Qpf¡bpSy> duW$p_p kfp¡hf\u ^fsu `f `\fpe¡gu ð¡s Qpv$f hÃQ¡ L$pmp `pË$p S>¡hp dpN® `f\u `kpf \B_¡ gp„by A„sf L$p`puA¡ A¡V$g¡ MX$uf b¡V$_p R>¡hpX¡ ^p¡mphufp _p_L$Xy„$ Npd. Ap Npd ApS>¡ `pyfpsÐh_p _L$ip D`f QdL$u DW$éy„ R>¡. `yfpsÐhhpv$u_y„ ApL$rj®s L$ey® R>¡. L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf_p `yfpsÐh rhcpN Üpfp Al] DÐMß L$p®e lp\ ^fpey„ A_¡ Ap L$pdNufudp„ v¡$icf_p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p fpÄep¡dp„\u `yfpsÐh_p¡ Aæepk L$fsp„ rhÛp\u®Ap `°¡L$V$uL$g spgud A\£ Ap kflv$u rS>‰p_p R>¡hpX¡$ dp¡V$p fZdp„ Apìep, füp„ A_¡ ÓZ drl_p `ypsÐh rhcpN_p Ar^L$pfuAp¡ kp\¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z `p„Q lÅf hj® `yfpZu lX$à`_ k„õL©$rs_p Ahi¡jp¡ Mp¡v$u L$pY$u v¡$i kdn `°v$ri®s L$fhp L$pe®fs füp„.

L„$X$gp dlpb„v$f : `qòd L$p„W$p_y„ dlÐh_y„ b„v$f v¡$i_p dlpb„v$fp¡dp„ L„$X$gp `pp¡V®$_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. S>¡_u MpX$u_u `°p\rdL$ kh®¡ iplu _p¥L$pv$m¡ B.k. 1851 dp„ L$fu lsu. L„$X$gp_u _pm_p„ dyM\u 15 _p¡V$uL$g dpBg v|f _hy„ b„v$f bp„^hpdp„ Apìey„. B.k. 1955 dp„ `„qX$s S>hplfgpg _l¡ê_p lõs¡ Ap dlpb„v$f rhr^hs My‰y„ d|L$hpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„. L„$X$gp b„v$f¡ `pp¡V¡$íed `¡v$pip¡, MpÛs¡g, A_pS> Mpsf, çeyfuA¡V$ Ap¡a `p¡V$pi, fp¡L$ ap¡õafk, N„^L$, tTL$, këaf, sp„by, rkd¡ÞV$, Þe|T `¡`pf Apeps \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ MpX$, Qp¡Mp, dp¡gpkuk, duW$y„, Nyhpf Nd, b¡ÞV$pB_ bp¡L$kpBV$, ê hN¡f¡ r_L$pk \pe R>¡. L$ÃR>_y„ dlpb„v$f L„$X$gp `p¡V®$ rhL$pk_u L¡$X$u `f qv$_`°rsqv$_ ApNm ^`u füy„ R>¡.

Av$pZu `p¡V®$ : NyS>fps_p L$ÃR>dp„ v$rnZ R>¡X$p D`f A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dyÞÖp Mps¡ blzS> TX$`u Ap„sf fpóV$²ue õsf¡ fpóV²_p rhL$pkdp„ Ap b„v$f¡ ANÐe_p¡ cpN cS>ìep¡R>¡. NyS>fps kfL$pf¡ Ap b„v$f rhL$kphhpdp„ Myb S> fk gu^¡g R>¡. Ap D`fp„s Ap b„v$f¡\u Mpsf, s¡g A_¡ AÞe Apepsu hõsy v¡$i_p buÅ cpNdp„ dp¡Lgphhp dpV¡$ kpfu ndsp ^fph¡ R>¡. dyÞÖp `pp¡V®$\u Dsf cpfs_p AÞe õ\mp¡ kp\¡ f¡ëh¡\u ku^p Å¡X$pZ L$f¡g R>¡.

dp„X$hu b„v$f : L$ÃR>dp„ hjp£ `l¡gp„ hlpZhË$p Üpfp h¡`pf \sp¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡ dp„X$hu b„v$f 450 hj® Sy>_|„ `°¿eps lsy„. Dp„X$hu_p v$rfep qL$_pf¡ lpg¡ `Z hlpZ b_phhp_p¡ DÛp¡N rhL$k¡g R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p v$qfep qL$_pf¡ L$pfu rhð_p\ dlpv¡$h_y„ d„qv$f Aph¡gy„ R>¡. Al] v$qfep qL$_pf¡ v¡$i - rhv¡$i\u A_¡L$ kl¡gpZuAp¡ Aph¡ R>¡. bpSy>dp„ rhÞX$ap¡d® `Z Aph¡g R>¡.

cyÆep¡ Xy„$Nf : cyÆep¡ Xy„$Nf L¡$ fpMp¡îu M¢NpfÆ_p `yÓ cp¡S>fpS>Æ `f\u Ap il¡f_y„ _pd c|S> `X¡$g R>¡. Ap cyrS>ep Xy„$Nf_p L$pfZ¡ cyS>_p ip¡cpdp„ h^pfp¡ \pe R>¡. cyÆep Xy„$Nf `f _pN`„QduA¡ d¡mp¡ cfpe R>¡.

ldufkf smph : cyS> il¡f_p¡ iZNpf, ip¡cp A_¡ kp¥fc h^fphsy„ ldufkf smph. il¡f_p dÂecpNdp„ ip_ A_¡ Np¥fhkdp_ R>¡.

ApB_pdl¡g-`°pNdl¡g : Apif¡ 200 hj® `yfpÏ„ S>¡ dlpfh îu `°pNdgÆ Üpfp b„^pe¡gy„ R>¡. BV$pgue_ bp„^Zu dl¡g Å¡_pfp spSy>b \B Åe R>¡. Dl¡g_u A„v$f_u A_¡ blpf_u L$p¡sfZu A_¡ rië` A_¡ õ\p`Ðe r_lpmhp S>¡hy„ R>¡.

L$ÃR> çeyrTed : NyS>fps fpÄe_p kp¥\u S>|_p k„N°lpge sfuL¡$ Np¥fh ^fphsp Ap k„N°lpge_u õ\p`_p 1 gu Sy>gpB 1877_p„ fp¡S> L_®g qargàk_p lõs¡ \B R>¡. Cpfs_¡ ApTpv$u dmsp„ s¡_y„ _pd L$ÃR> çeyrTed fpMhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. L$ÃR>_u AgN AgN ÅrsAp¡_p„ `l¡fh¡i_p¡ A¡L$ Mpk rhcpN gp¡L$p¡_y„ ApL®$jZ L¡$ÞÖ R>¡.

A¥rslprkL$ fpQu_ R>sfX$u : L$ÃR>_u fpÅiplu_p õdfZphi¡jp¡ S>¡hu Ap A¥rslprkL$ R>ÓuAp¡dp„ _dZu, _pSy>L$ A_¡ _TpL$scfu L$ÃR>_u AØc|s rië`L$gp L„$X$fpe¡gu R>¡. V¡$i rhv¡$i\u gp¡L$p¡ s¡_p L$pm c¥fh_¡ dpZhp Aph¡ R>¡.

vÑpÓ¡e _y„ d„qvf, L$pmp¡ Xy„$Nf : L$ÃR>_p kp¥\u JQp A_¡ `°¿eps L$pmpXy„$Nf D`f `ÃR>dpB `uf_p lzgpdZp„ _pd¡ Ap¡mMpsp Nyf|Zpd Nyê v$spÓ¡eÆ_y„ `°rkÙ epÓp^pd Aph¡gy„ R>¡. ^°p¡bpZp _ÆL$ 1, 460 JQpB A_¡ 945 l¡¼V$f rhõspfdp„ `\fpe¡g L$ÃR> rS>‰p_p¡ kp¥\u frkÙ L$pmp¡ Xy„$Nf L$l¡hpe R>¡.

lpÆ`puf_u v$fNpl : L$ÃR>dp„ L$p¡du A¡L$sp_p `°rsL$ lpÆ `uf h‰u_y„ fZ_u L$p„^u `pf Aph¡gy„ v$fNpl õ\p_ ApS>¡ `Z A_¡L$ îÙpmy„Ap¡_y„ epÓp õ\m bÞey„ R>¡.

S>¡kg-sp¡fg kdpr^ : $L$ÃR>dp„ A„Åf dp¡V$p il¡f R>¡, lp¡ Æf¡.... blpfhqV$ep S>¡kg_¡ D`v¡$i `°bp¡^u s¡_p A„sf_p L$dpX$ Mp¡gu ApÂeprÐdL dpN¡® hpm_pf krs sp¡fg_p¡ Brslpk kdN° kp¥fpóV², L$ÃR> A_¡ NyS>fpsdp„ `°rkÙ A_¡ `°Qrgs gp¡L$L$\pAp¡ A_¡ gp¡L$L$pep£dp„ Adf b_u Q|¼ep¡ R>¡. cyS>\u dpÓ 40 L$u.du. vy$f A„Åf il¡fdp„ Ap kdpr^ õ\p_ Aph¡gy„ R>¡.

byMpfu`puf_u v$fNpl : dyÞÖp_p¡ fp¡_L$v$pf dL$b$fp¡ ...!!! fpe^ZÆ `°\d¡ ipl byMpfu_u epv$dp„ 1680_p„ Afkpdp„ b„^pìep_y„ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhv¡$i\u Æopky k„ip¡^L$p¡ `°hpkuAp¡ A_¡ `pyfpsÐh_p AæepkyAp¡ v$fNpl_u rië`pL$gp r_lpmhp Aph¡ R>¡.

cÖ¡ðf su\® : dyÞÖp A_¡ A„Åf rhõspf_u hÃQ¡ S>¥_p¡_y„ SpZusy„ epÓp^pd dyÞÖp\u 30 L$u.du. A_¡ cyS>\u 75 L$u.du. _p A„sf¡ Aph¡gy„ R>¡. V¡$ghpX$p_p S>¥_d„qv$fp¡ S>¡hu bp„^Zu ^fphsp„ Ap `°pQu_ su\®^pd¡ cpfscfdp„\u A¡L$ gpM D`fp„s S>¥_ A_¡ S>¥_¡sf cprhL$p¡ vi®_p\£ `^pf¡ R>¡.

rhS>erhgpk `¡g¡k : dp„X$hu\u \p¡X¡$ v|$f L$pW$X$p Npd `ppk¡ v$qfep qL$_pf¡ cìe A_¡ Aprgip_ rhS>erhgpk `¡g¡k Aph¡gy„ R>¡. Ap fpS>dl¡g rhS>e rhgpk_¡ Å¡hp A_¡ dpZhp rhv¡$iu kl¡gpZuAp¡ Ahíe Al] `^pf¡ R>¡.

Apip`yfpdp„_y„ d„qv$f, dpsp_p dY$ : L$ÃR>_p fpS>h„i_u BóV$ v¡$hu dp Apip`yfp_y„ õ\pr_L$ A¡V$g¡ dpsp_p dY$. cyS>\u Apif¡ 100 L$u.du. _p A„sf¡ Aph¡gy„ R>¡. Dpsp_p dY$dp„ Apip`pyfpdp„ õhe„c| `°NV$ \e¡g R>¡. D„qv$fdp„ 400 L$ugp¡_p¡ O„V$ lpgdp„ dp¡$S|>v R>¡. dpsp_p dYdp„ AÞe d„qv$fp¡ S>¡hp„ L¡$ tlNmpS> d„qv$f, chp_u d„qv$f, ÅNp¡fp d„qv$f A_¡ QpQfLy„$X$ hN¡f¡ Aph¡g R>¡.

O|X$Mf AæepfÎe : L$ÃR>_p dp¡V$p fZdp„ `e®V$L$p¡ dpV¡$ ApL$j®Zê` b_¡gp S>„Ngu N^¡X$p S>¡ OyX$Mf _pd¡ Ap¡mMpsp Ap `°pZu_u A¡riepdp„ `p„Q Åsp¡ lsu. S¡dp„\u Qpf _pdi¡j \B R>¡, A_¡ A¡L$dpÓ bQ¡gu Ås L$ÃR>_p _p_p fZdp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

kyfMpb (ãg¡d]Np¡) : kyfMpb (ãg¡d]Np¡) A¡ L$ÃR>_u Ap¡mM R>¡. kyfMpb_Nf `nusu\® bÞey„ R>¡. cyS>\u khpkp¡ L$ugp¡duV$f vy$f L$ÃR>_p„ dp¡V$p fZ_p„ v$k¡L$ L$ugp¡duV$f_p S>¡V$gp rhõspfdp„ kyfMpb_Nf rhõsf¡gy„ R>¡.