`p¡fb„v$f_y„ `p¥fprZL$ _pd "kyv$pdp`yfu' R>¡. S>¡ _pd 1860 ky^u Al]_p f¡gh¡ õV¡$i__p bp¡X®$ D`f gMpsy„ lsy„. ApS>¡ `Z lÅfp¡ epÓpmyAp¡ kyv$pdp`yfu L$u S>e bp¡gphsp ârs hj® Al]_p kyv$pdp d„qv$f¡ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ kyv$pdp`yfu_u epÓp_u R>p` `p¡sp_p lp\ D`f A_¡ h÷ D`f gNphu_¡ ÜpfL$p Åe R>¡. Ap epÓpmyAp¡dp„ fpS>õ\p_u_u k„¿ep rhi¡j lp¡e R>¡. NyS>fpsu, fpS>õ\p_u s¡dS> dfpW$u cpjp_p dÂeL$pgu_ kprlÐedp„ A¡L$\u rhi¡j L$rhAp¡ Üpfp "kyv$pdpQqfs' _pd\u kyv$pdpÆ_u L$\p_p Ap¿ep_p¡ gMpe¡gp R>¡, S>¡ A¡d k|Qh¡ R>¡ L¡$ `ròd cpfsdp„ kyv$pdpÆ_u L$\p h^pf¡ gp¡L$râe flu R>¡. Agbs, Ap `p¥fprZL$ L$\p R>¡, S>¡_p¡ lÆ ky^u L$p¡C A¥rslpkuL$ `yfphp¡ âpá _\u. ldZp„ ldZp„ Apf„c `pd¡gp v$qfepC `yfphi¡j ip¡^ Arcep_dp„, 2005_p hj® v$frdep_ `p¡fb„v$f_p v$qfepdp„ dp¡V$u k„¿epdp„ `Õ\f_p g„Nfp¡ s\p lpg_p Ape® L$Þep NyfyLy$m `pk¡_p MpX$u L$p„W¡$ âpQu_ ^L$L$p¡ dmu Apìep R>¡. Ap ip¡^\u lh¡ `p¡fb„v$f, tk^y kæesp_p gp¡\g S>¡hy„ âpQu_ b„v$f rkÂ^ \pe R>¡. Ap qv$ipdp„ \B fl¡gu ip¡^Mp¡mp¡_p Ap^pf¡ A¡hu ^pfZp b„^pe R>¡ L¡$ _ÆL$_p crhóedp„ îuL©$óZ A_¡ kyv$pdp Ap¥rslpkuL$ rkÝ^ \i¡ A_¡ sp¡ ApS>_y„ `p¡fb„v$f, âpQu_ L$pm_u kyv$pdp`yfu R>¡ A¡hu gp¡L$dpÞesp_¡ Crslpk_p¡ Ap^pf dmu fl¡i¡. `p¡fb„v$f_p Arcg¡rMs `yfphpAp¡_u k„¿ep Apif¡ A¡L$kp¡\u h^y R>¡, S>¡dp„ spd°`Óp¡, rigpg¡Mp¡, `prmep, A_¡ ârsdpg¡Mp¡ s¡dS> Ms`Óp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. lpg âpá S|>_pdp„ S|>_p¡ g¡M C.k.990_p¡ R>¡. Oydgu_p dlpfpÅ bpóL$g v¡$hÆA¡ Ap `„\L$_y„ "Qfgu' _pd_y„ Npd b°pûZp¡_¡ v$p_dp„ Apàey„ R>¡. s¡_¡ gNsp¡ Ap g¡M R>¡. v$p_dp„ A`pe¡gp "Qfgu' Npd_u Qsy:kudp NZphsp„ "`ròd¡ `p¥fh¡gpLy$g' A¡d ep¡S>_p `p¡fb„v$f_p¡ D‰¡M R>¡. Qpgy hj£ `p¡fb„v$f_¡ 1016 hj® \pe R>¡. NyS>fpsu cpjpdp„ S>¡ iåv$ "bpê„$' R>¡, s¡_y„ apfku "b„v$f', A„N°¡Æ '`pV®$' A_¡ k„õL©$s "h¡gpLy$g' R>¡. Al] Aph¡gp¡ "`p¥f' iåv$ "h¡`pfuâÅ'_p¡ hp„QL$ R>¡. "`p¡fb„v$f' A¡V$g¡ h¡`pfu âÅ_y„ v$qfepL$p„W¡$ hk¡gy„ Npd.

Crslpk_u AV$pfuA¡ : Np„^uÆ_p S>Þd õ\p_ sfuL¡$ `p¡fb„v$f¡ rhð_p _L$ip `f s¡_y„ Np¥fh cey¯ õ\p_ âpá L$ey¯. `l¡gp `Z cNhp_ îuL©$óZ_p `fd kMp cL$s îu kyv$pdp_p `yr_s õ\p_ kyv$pdp`yfu sfuL¡$ ârkÂ^ \e¡gy„ R>¡. `yfpZp¡ âdpZ¡ ÜpfpL$p A_¡ âcpk`pV$Z A¡V$gy„ S> kyv$pdp`yfu âpQu_ NZpe R>¡. îudع cpNhÐ_p v$kdp õL„$^dp„ cL$s kyv$pdp_y„ `ph_ QqfÓ Ap`¡gy„ R>¡. õL„$v$ `yfpZdp„ sp¡ kyv$pdp`yfu_y„ hZ®_ `Z R>¡. A_¡ s¡_¡ Aðpdrs _v$u_p OpV$ sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. kp¥fpô²$_p `ròd qL$_pf¡ 21.45 D. A„npi A_¡ 69.33 `|. f¡Mp„i D`f `p¥fph¡gp Ly$g_y„ A[õsÐh k„cìey„, `p¡fb„v$f il¡f_u Dsf¡ A_¡ Cip_¡ MpX$u L$p„W¡$ `p¥fdpsp_y„ õ\p_ leps R>¡. buÅ rhð eyÂ^_p kde `R>u `p¡fb„v$f_p _hkS>®_dp„ dlpfpZp _V$fhftklÆ A_¡ fpS>fÐ_ _p_Æ L$prgv$pk dl¡sp_p¡ rlõkp¡ kp¥\u rhi¡j R>¡. kp¥fpô²$_p AÞe il¡fp¡ L$fsp Ap il¡f_u ip¡cp A_¡ kamsp Âep_ M¡Q_pf bÞep R>¡. s¡_y„ î¡e Ap b¡ ìeqL$s_¡ apm¡ Åe R>¡. `p¡fb„v$f_p¡ Crslpk L¡$V$gp¡ âpQu_ R>¡ ? `p¡fb„v$f_¡ gNsp A¥rslpkuL$ D‰¡Mp¡ âdpZdp„ Dsf L$pgu_ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. A¡_p¡ Sy>_pdp„ Sy>_p¡ D‰¡M Oydgu_p C.k.988_p syëeL$pgu_ hj®_p bpóL$gv¡$h_p spd° ipk_dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Oydgudp„\u AZrlg`yf_p A¡L$ b°pûZ_¡ A`pe¡gp v$p_ `Ódp„ `Z "`p¥fh¡gp Ly$m' A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡fb„v$f_p¡ D‰¡M Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `p¡fb„v$f_¡ gNsp D‰¡M A_¡ Ðepf`R>u_p `yfpsÐhue âdpZp¡ hÃQ¡ AY$ukp¡ hj® S>¡V$gy„ A„sf v¡$Mpe R>¡.

L$urs®d„qv$f : `p¡fb„v$f_p dlpfpZp îu _V$hftklÆ A_¡ i¡W$îu _p_ÆcpC L$pguv$pk dl¡sp_p dpsbf v$p_ A_¡ âeÐ_p¡\u, A¡d_u ArcfyQu âdpZ¡ kh® ^d®_p k„`yV$ S>¡hy„ ky„v$f L$gpL$pfuNufuhpmy„ \ey„ R>¡.

kyv$pdp d„qv$f : kyv$pdpÆ_p d„qv$f_p¡ rS>Zp®Üpf `p¡fb„v$f_p fpS>hu_u v¡$ZNu.

d¡f A_¡ fbpfu : R>p„ep_p fpS>dpsp L$gpbpC_p Nyá kdeL$pmdp„ Åd_Nf _p fpS>hu dpdp sfa\u cpZ¡S>_u lÐep \ep\u fpS>Ly„$hf_¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepA¡ Ry>`phhpdp„ Aph¡g A_¡ s¡d_¡ hlpZ cp„Nsp qL$_pf¡ kp¡_p-Qp„v$u_u IV$p¡ dmu Aph¡gu s¡ fpZudp_¡ QfZ¡ ^fu A_¡ s¡dp„\u d¡f A_¡ fbpfu ep¡Â^pAp¡_u cfsu L$f¡gu A_¡ ^°p¡m `pk¡_p c|Qf dp¡fu eyÂ^dp„ Åd_u lpf \sp s¡_p¡ gpc gC_¡ S>¡W$hpAp¡_p¡ rhõspf gX$pB L$fu `fs d¡mh¡gp¡ A_¡ s¡_p bv$gp fy`¡ d¡f A_¡ fbpfu_¡ rNfpkv$pf b_ph¡g. Ðepf\u fpS>rsgL$_p¡ lL$L$ `Z d¡f kdpS>_u M|„V$u fpS>ipMp Ly$m_p d¡fp¡_¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡gp¡.

L$rh fhuÞÖ_p\ V$pNp¡f : 1923dp„ b„Npm_p L$rh fhuÞÖ_p\ V$pNp¡f `p¡fb„v$f fpS>e_p dl¡dp_ \ep. _V$hftklÆ L$gb A_¡ `¡g¡kdp„ s¡d_p ap¡V$p¡N°pa leps R>¡.

r¾$L¡$V$ : 25,27,28,S|>_, 1932_u aõV®$ V¡$õV$ Ad¡.ku.ku.V$ud kpd¡ gp¡X®$T_ r¾$L¡$V$ N°pDÞX$ g„X$_ Mps¡ fd_pf cpfsue r¾$L¡$V$ V$ud_p `l¡gp L¡$àV$_ fpS>hu _V$hftklÆ lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡ L¡$àV$__p¡ QpS>® V$ud_p rhipm rlsdp„ ku.L¡$._peXy$_¡ kp¢`¡g lsp¡.
1945-46dp„ S>N rh¿eps râÞk vy$gu`_p _pd¡ A¡riep b¡õV$ r¾$L¡$V$ õL|$g õ\p`u, rhS>e dfQÞV$ `¡h¡rge_ A_¡ r¾$L¡$V$_p r_edp¡-dpN®v$i®_ Ap`su `y[õsL$p `Z fpS>hu _V$hftklÆ ârkÂ^ L$fu.

dp¡V$p DÛp¡Np¡ : A¡.ku.ku. rkd¡ÞV$ a¡L$V$fu (kp¥\u S|>_u v¡$i_u), dlpfpZp rdg, duW$p DÛp¡N, Qp¡L$ `phX$f, Apqv$ÐepZp `Õ\f MpZ (Op¡X$p), duW$u `Õ\f MpZ (Ap¡X$v$f), bpL$k L$pfMp_y„, L$pQ L$pfMp_y„, rkd¡ÞV$ leyd `pB`, Ap¡Bg rdg, Æ_ rdg, v¡$iu hlpZ bp„^L$pd, NÄS>f b°^k®_p-spmp, l¡ÞX$`ç`, dp¡T¡L$ V$pBëk, apefrb°L$k, Qp„v$u_u ApBV$dp¡, NuaV$ ApqV®$L$ëk, v¡$iu hlpZ hV$p DÛp¡N A[õsÐhdp„ lsp.

_p_p DÛp¡Np¡ : Mpv$u hZpV$_u hZL$fp¡_¡ fp¡Æfp¡V$u, kp¡_p-Qp„v$u_p v$pNu_p, R>p„ep N¡f¡S>_u lp\kpm_u hZpV$, S>¡g_u A„v$f L¡$v$uAp¡ Üpfp `pV$u, v$p¡fX$p, ^pbmu, AÞe-hZpV$ L$pdNufu, MÓuAp¡_p f„NpV$-bp„^Zu-`V$p¡mp„, hp¡fpÆ Üpfp `p¡V$pi, aV$pL$X$p„, ApsibpÆ, f¡id-S>fuL$pd, hpkZ_y„ L$guL$pd, N„Np^f apd®ku_u Apeyh£v$uL$ v$hpAp¡, qX$_¡QX®$ ä¡ÞQ `p¡gui.

õdpfL$p¡ : ""`p¡fb„v$f''_p¡ kp¥â\d D‰¡M hpëduqL$ fpdpeZdp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. l_ydp_Æ_p `yÓ dL$fÂhÆ_u L$\p v$kdu kv$u `R>u gMpe¡gp "Ap_„v$ fpdpeZ' dp„\u dm¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ `p¡fb„v$f_p S>¡W$hp fpS>`|sp¡ dL$fÝhS>h„iu fpS>`|sp¡ lsp. A¥rslprkL$ `yfphpAp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ B.k. 990\u `p¡fb„v$f A[õsÐhdp„ lsy„, A¡hp¡ D‰¡M v$kdp k¥L$p_p„ A¡L$ v$p_`Ódp„ ""`p¥fh¡gp Ly$g'' sfuL¡$ \e¡gp¡ R>¡. Ap ×rô$A¡ `p¡fb„v$f_u `yfpZL$\p l_ydp_ÆR> kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gu R>¡. buÆ L$\p kyv$pdpÆ kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gu R>¡. BrslpkL$pfp¡ "kyv$pdp`yf' A¡ S> ApS>_y„ "`p¡fb„v$f' R>¡, A¡hy„ v$ip®h¡ R>¡. õL„$v$ `yfpZdp„ kyv$pdp`yfu A_¡ s¡_p Aõdphsu, L¡$v$pf¡ðf A_¡ L¡$v$pfLy„$X$_u hpsp¡ \e¡g R>¡. âpQu_ kde_p„ kp¥fpô²$_p b¡ ^prd®L$ n¡Óp¡ ÜpfL$p A_¡ âcpk (kp¡d_p\)_u kudpf¡MpAp¡ `p¡fb„v$fdp„ dm¡ R>¡. Ap ×rô$A¡ `Z `p¡fb„v$f_y„ ^prd®L$ d ÐÐh krhi¡j NZphu iL$pe. `p¡fb„v$f_u DÑf¡ Mud¡ðf, L$p„V¡$gp_y„ rhóÏ d„qv$f, dym ÜpfL$p A_¡ v¡$hu lqfrk[Â^ dpsp_p d„qv$fp¡ R>¡. Bip_ M|Z¡ Qpdy„X$p dpsp, _„v¡$ðf A_¡ qL»$v$f M¡X$p_y„ k|e®d„qv$f, lp\gp_y„ ir_ðf, fpZ`yf_u bp¥Â^ Nyap, O|dgu, cpZhX$ A_¡ Np¡`_p„ õ\p_p¡ Aph¡gp R>¡. `|h® qv$ipA¡ Å„byhsu_y„ cp¢efy„, S>X¡$ðf_y„ d„qv$f A_¡ rbg¡ðf_y„ d„qv$f Aph¡gy„ R>¡. Ar‚MyZ¡ R>p„ep_p¡ NY$, ^]N¡ðf, flpX¡$ðf_p„ rihd„qv$fp¡ Aph¡gp„ R>¡ A_¡ `ròd¡ kdyÖ gl¡fpe R>¡.

d¡f L$p¡d_y„ cpsuNm gp¡L$Æh_ : âpQu_ kp¥fpô²$_u i|fhuf ÅrsAp¡dp„ drlep lpV$u, Aprlf, fbpfu A_¡ d¡f L$p¡d dy¿e R>¡. Mp_v$p_u, Mydpfu A_¡ Mduf ^fphsu d¡f L$p¡d_u ApNhu k„õL©$rs A_¡ AgN kæesp R>¡. d¡f kp¥fpô²$_u d|m L$p¡d _\u. hkpls \e¡gu âÅ R>¡. d¡f âÅ B.k._u iê$Apsdp„ tk^y L$p„W¡$ flu lp¡hp_y„ S>Zpe R>¡. A¡_p„ OpV$ugp ifuf, S>gpv$ A_¡ Sy>õkpv$pf âL©$rs, dv$p®_Nu cfu V¡$hp¡ A_¡ suf„v$pÆdp„ r_`|Zsp L$põ`uA_ kdyÖ_u Apk`pk dÂe A¡riepdp„\u Esfu Apìep_y„ A_ydp_ R>¡. Ap âÅ dÂe A¡riepdp„_p Å¡qX$ep A_¡ Äep¡rS>®ep_p kpd°pÄe_u âÅ lwZp¡_p Ap¾$dZ \sp„ v$rnZ sfa cpNu NyáL$pm v$frdep_ cpfsdp„ âh¡iu tk^y_p `|h® cpN `f hkhpV$ L$ep£ lp¡e A¡d d_pe R>¡. B.k. 712dp„ Apfb gp¡L$p¡A¡ tk^ `f rhS>e d¡mìep¡ s¡ hMs¡ çl¡X$ dp„X$ L¡$ rdrlf sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpsu Ap L$p¡d tk^dp„ lsu A_¡ _hdp L¡$ v$kdp k¥L$pdp„ S>¡W$hpAp¡_u kp\¡ kp¥fpô²$dp„ ApìepA¡ r_rh®hpv$ R>¡. d¡f L$p¡d `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ fpS>`|s L$l¡hX$ph¡ R>¡. h‰cu fpÅAp¡_p spd°`Ódp„ S>¡ d¥ÓL$ gp¡L$p¡A¡ L$pqW$ephpX$dp„ Aphu d„X$m A\hp fpÄe õ\p`_ L$ep®_y„ g¿ey„ R>¡ s¡ d¥ÓL$ gp¡L$p¡ Nyá lpL¡$dp¡_¡ lfph_pf bmhp_ âÅ li¡. A¡d gpN¡ R>¡ Ap d¥ÓL$ gp¡L$p¡ A¡ S> rdrlf A\hp d¡f gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap d¡f gp¡L$p¡ lpgdp„ `p¡fb„v$f, Åd_Nf A_¡ S|>_pNY$ rS>‰pdp„ õ\peu \e¡g R>¡. Ap rkhpe NyS>fpsdp„ buS>¡ L$ep„e Ap L$p¡d _\u. rdrlf_p¡ A\® k„õL©$sdp„ k|e® \pe R>¡. d¡f âÅ k|e®`|S>L$ R>¡. çl¡X$, d¥ÓL$ rdrlf L¡$ d¡f A¡L$buÅ_p `ep®e _pdp¡ R>¡. `„qX$s cNhp_gpg, X$p¡. aguV$ s¡dS> L$_®g V$p¡X$ hN¡f¡ rhÖp_p¡ A_¡ Brslpkrhv$p¡ `Z gNcN Ap bpbs_¡ kd\®_ Ap`sp Apìep R>¡.

Mpfhp L$p¡d_y„ gp¡L$Æh_ : cpfs_p„ rhipm kpNf_p¡ qL$_pfp¡, v$qfep_p„ R>p¡fy„ A_¡ kpNf_p k„Np\u A¡hp "np-fhp' (Mpfhp)_p cpsuNm Mpfhp kdpS>_p gp¡L$ k„õL©$rs, qfhpÅ¡, fl¡ZuL$fZudp„ rhi¡j cpN cS>ìep„ R>¡. `p¡fb„v$f_p Mpfhp kdpS> v$qfep_p„ R>p¡fy„A¡ rhÛp A_¡ k„õL©$rsdp„ rhi¡j cpN cS>ìep¡ R>¡ A_¡ fÐ_pL$f AapV$ S>g kpNf dp„Å `f s_ _uQhu-kps kps kpNf_u kaf¡ S>sp A_¡ v$qfep`pf_p v¡$i kp\¡ gpMp¡ ê$r`ep_p¡ hl¡hpf-h¡`pf_p Mpfhp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Apcpfu R>¡. dpÓ `p¡fb„v$f_u S> hps L$fuA¡ sp¡ A¡_u kd©[Â^_p `pepdp„ Mpfhp L$p¡du_u tTv$pqv$gu, hapv$pfu, Bdp_v$pfu A_¡ brgv$p_p¡ Brslpk_¡ V$p„L$Z¡ kdpe¡g R>¡.

kyv$pdp d„qv$f : N©lõ\Æh_dp„ gp„bp lp\ L$ep® hNf _ursdÑp\u k„kpf_u _ph `f L$fhp_y„ qv$ìe dlpÐçe Ap`_pf cNhp_ L©$óZ_p rdÓ kyv$pdÆ_y„ `rhÓ epÓp^pd `p¡fb„v$fdp„ R>¡. ApÆh_ AqL$Q_ Ahõ\pdp„ õ\pr_L$ Æh_ Æhhp A_¡ Bðf_u d¥Óu_p As|V$ _psp\u kyv$pdpÆA¡ rhð_p _L$ipdp„ kp¥fpô²$_p¡ drldp A„qL$s L$ep£ R>¡.

Qp¡`pV$u : `p¡fb„v$f_p¡ kpNf qL$_pfp¡ kl¡gpZuAp¡ dpV¡$ afhp_y„ A_p¡My„ ApL$j®Z `yf„y `pX¡$ R>¡. dy„bB_u dpaL$ `p¡fb„v$fdp„ `Z Qp¡`pV$u R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ D_pmpdp„ `p¡fb„v$f_u Apbp¡lhp blpf\u OZp dygpL$psuAp¡_¡ M¢Qu gph¡ R>¡.

DÛp¡Np¡ : `p¡fb„v$f rhõspf A¡L$ rhriô$ âL$pf_p¡ A_¡L$ Ly$v$fsu k„`rÑAp¡, k„fnZ A_¡ fp¡S>Npfgnu sL$p¡\u cf¡gp¡ rS>‰p¡ R>¡. Ap rhõspfdp„ dmu iL$sp„ M_uÅ¡dp„ gpBd õV$p¡_ A_¡ ìlpBV$]N Qp¡L$ dy¿e R>¡. gpBd õV¡$i__p¡ S>¡ L$p„B S>Õ\p¡ s¡ M|b S> JQp N°¡X$_p¡ R>¡, kp¡X$pA¡i_p L¡$rdL$g àgpÞV$p¡ dpV¡$ s¡ h`fpe R>¡.

sV$fnL$ v$m : NyS>fps kflv$u fpÄe R>¡. cyrd kp\¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue v$qfepB lv$ `Z NyS>fpsdp„ R>¡. v$qfep dpN£ _p`pL$ Bfpv$p r_óam b_phu_¡ vy$íd_ v¡$i_u Aphu lfL$sp¡ _pL$prdepb b_phhpdp„ sV$fnL$ v$m_u _p¢^`pÓ k¡hp R>¡. 1600 qL$.du. kpNf L$p„W$p¡ ^fphsp NyS>fpsdp„ v$qfepB kyfnp Åmhhp s\p kdN° `ròd cpfs_p„ Of Ap„NZp_p fMp¡`p„ L$fhp_u L$pdNufu kp\¡ cpfsue sV$fnL$ v$m_p S>hp_p¡ v$qfepB `ep®hfZ_u ÅmhZu dpV¡$ gp¡L$ ÅN©rs_y„ L$pd `Z L$f¡ R>¡.